The movement toward Expressionist art in the early twentieth century was by no means an organized movement with a single geographic center and cohesive following. Rather, it was a vaguely defined movement that originated in a number of German cities whose artists began their work independently. The overarching qualities that unified these artists were a fear of social and cultural decline and a renewed hope for revitalization. Artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, August Macke, Emil Nolde, Ernst Ludwin Kirchner, Alfred Kubin, and Edvard Munch were driving forces in the Expressionist movement.

Expressionism can be more fully understood if seen in relation to the trends of its time. Most of the artists were well educated and followed the latest philosophical developments, especially those of Friedrich Nietzsche. Inspired by Nietzsche’s philosophical reasoning, Expressionists channeled his ideas of individual expression through their art. They sought to reveal the spiritual and emotional foundations of the human experience, and free the individual from the outside environment. Rather than merely recording an observation, the artists would filter the object through their perspective. Expressionism was a return to instinct and to the subjective experience. 

The very nature of Expressionism called for innovative technique—traditional forms could not contain the artists’ intent. Representational accuracy was not as important as achieving the maximum expression of intensity. Expressionists distorted reality to produce a highly emotional effect, evoking moods or feelings in the viewer. Bold imagery and intense colors bled into one another to maximize impact. The composition was simple and direct, with artists often using thick impasto paint, erratic brushstrokes, and disjointed space. Expressionists also employed distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and symbolism to convey their innermost thoughts. 

Expressionists were inspired by the possibility of using art to transcend the limits and boundaries of human reason, and ultimately find a greater truth. The art was more than a revolt against the established constructs built around them, it was a chance for the individual to indulge in their own desires. The creative urge to express is unleashed, and emotion and aesthetic come together to convey a truly unique experience.